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Prophet Muhammed is a leader for the people in the aspect of political, religious and military. Muhammed is known as the founder of the Muslim community and he leads the people to have unity between the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula and the allied tribes with its capital at Medina. Prophet Muhammed is the one who form the Qur’an and it was all recorded and memorized by all his followers and all the details are compiled into one book after his death. Prophet Muhammed is responsible in forming the basis of Islamic theology. In Islam, Prophet Muhammed is considered as the most important and last of the prophet and messenger of God.
Thesis Statement
The purpose of this paper is to present some of the information about the life of Prophet Muhammed, and this includes some of the prophet’s accounts. This paper will also present some of the information coming from the historians.
Body
In the Islamic traditions they described Muhammed as a messenger of God and he is known for being used by God to receive revelations. At the age of 40 they believed that angel Gabriel brought revelation to Prophet Muhammed and it is the content of the Qur’an. The book is later compiled into one book after the death of Prophet Muhammed. In Islam Prophet Muhammed is a messenger of God but in Muslim he was not considered as the founder of new religion instead a restorer of the monotheistic faith of Abraham, Adam and the other prophets. For some of the people they believe that the message of Prophet Muhammed was later misinterpreted and being corrupted over the period.
The events and the detailed about the life of Prophet Muhammed were included in the Qur’an and its chronological interpretation is complex. In Muslim they have biographies of Muhammed and it is in the sira and hadith literature wherein it included details about the life of Muhammed. It is said that the earliest surviving biographies of Muhammed which is the sira was dated 150 year after his death and they considered its compilation as critical. In the modern views of the historians they believed that Muhammed used to live during the 7th century and during his life time he adopted various of the monotheistic traditions and he tries to replace the polytheistic religions that is applied in the Arabian Peninsula and eventually Muhammed is accepted by the people as a prophet of God.
Based on the Islamic traditions, Muhammed is a merchant during his middle years and he is in the trading industry that took place in the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Prophet Muhammed gained reputation from the people for being reliable and honest and he was attracted to Khadijah which is a 40 year-old widow and Muhammed was consented to marriage. In the records Muhammed has children composed of three sons and four daughters. According to the Muslim tradition Muhammed received his first revelation at the mountain of Hira near Mecca. In the account, it was said that angel Gabriel communicate with Muhammed. “God is a protector for him, who shows good faith and piety, and Muhammed is the apostle of God, God bless and honor him.” (# 3 Rules for Sacred Enclave (Haram) of Medina P 6)
From the revelation at the mountain of Hira, Muhammed went home and he related all his accounts to his wife and during that time he was so afraid. Khadijah consoled Muhammed and she was satisfied with the revelation knowing that it came from a good source and it is only after she had a conclusion from a devised test. After three years Prophet Muhammed started to do some spiritual practices and he started preaching to people. In the event the first believer of Muhammed is his wife Khadijah and Waraqah and eventually it was followed by his other cousins and close friends. Prophet Muhammed began to preach in Mecca and most often he was ignored by the people and some of them mocked him and there are some who follow him. Eventually the followers of Prophet Muhammed swelled and they became threat to the local tribes and the rulers of the city and by that time Muhammed was threatened to overthrow. Prophet Muhammed and his followers were persecuted and some of them fled to Ethiopian Kingdom of Aksum and it was known under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian king. In Qur’an it is included there that Muhammed is a “Seal of the Prophets” and this is taken by the most of the Muslims and for them they accept Muhammed as the last and the greatest prophet of God. Prophet Muhammed had the revelation from God.

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Morality is a vital component of human ethics and it signifies the good and the evil which means right or wrong. Morality can be best explains in three different contexts such as individual conscience, principles and judgments of individual. The morality in personal level stands as the intention, motivations and actions of individuals. There are four aspects in morality and these are empathy, conscience, altruism and moral reasoning.
Thesis Statement
The purpose of this paper is to present the division of the Ten Commandments that will relate to the four moral aspects of morality. There will also be presentation about the importance of morality to society. There will also be discussion about which commandment can be enforced legally.
Body
The first and second commandment accordingly are “I am your God, you shall have no other gods before me”, and “Do not make sculpted image or likeness of what is in the heaven above”. The first and second commandments are fitted to moral reasoning; in looking at the first commandment it describes the existence of God and all His influences in all the events in the world. God redeemed his people and it is right not to honor or worship other god. The second commandment prohibits the people in making idols or any sculpted image that will be use for worshipping. Moral reasoning is a reasoning wherein it is under the condition of uncertainty. In
Egypt God does not show His image to people directly but the followers continuously believing in Him. In moral reasoning, every individual has the freedom of choice about their reasoning and it is also known as personal choice. In establishing faith, there is really the presence of ncertainty but then people chose to have faith in God because they believe on His existence and power. The third and fourth commandments of God are fitted in the aspect of Conscience; people lives with free will and in the third commandment it prohibits the people to use the name of God in vain, pointless or insincere oath. God gives free will to everyone and it is up to the people if they wanted to use the name of God in pointless things. Conscience is an internalized standard and if an individual have faith in God then it is also proper that he delivers rightful respect. The fourth commandment is to remember the holy Sabbath day, and as a follower of God, it is in the conscience to follow and act accordingly to His will. God’s follower must be also follower of the righteous practices. The fifth, sixth, seventh, and eight commandment is fitted to altruism; all these four commandment is about wrongful acts against the parents, and other people. These four commandments can also be enforced legally. As children, there is an attached responsibility towards the parents and as a citizen in a community; everyone is under the control of the existing law. Every wrongful act against other people has equivalent punishment and every individual must be properly informed. Murder, adultery, and stealing are deliberately wrong and every individual is prohibited to commit these acts. These wrongful acts are termed as crime in certain community and these acts have equivalent capital punishment. The ninth and tenth commandment is fitted to the concept of empathy, it is right to support other people emotional reactions. The first commandment is the most necessary to society because, if people learn how to recognize God then there will be no reason that all to provide some punishments. The follower of God is also the follower of His will and commandments.

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Electronic warfare has gradually become an important field in military operations as well as in computer science and technology. The following is a discussion of the three aspects of electronic warfare, namely: electronic attack, electronic protection and electronic support.
Michael Brower’s article on the military’s use of electronic warfare systems provides information on electronic attack (EA) and its integration into military school of thought. The article tackles the ever increasing need for this integration, and provides details on how the other countries, such as China, have been approaching this integration in their own militaries. The discussion focuses on Prophet, which is technological solution expected to provide EA capabilities to the military and its equipment, including the “VHF frequency range, widening jamming coverage link-standoff radio for longer-distance jamming, and the ability to target more modulation waveforms” (Brower). Also included in the solution are other features, such as auto-fill target list capability, which is expected to further improve the military’s EA capabilities. Prophet is basically a significant addition to the strength of ground forces. In addition to detecting electronic warfare systems, the solution is aimed at disabling electronic equipment, especially those in control or command centers, thereby minimizing the possible collateral damage and other costs.
A military force’s electronic systems can also be targeted by enemy electronic warfare systems. In this regard, electronic protection ensures higher success rates for electronic warfare initiatives. The article “Radar Warning Receivers and Defensive Electronic Countermeasures,” explores the use of radar warning receivers, which assume a passive function in detecting hostile radar and alerting pilots of the threat, and the use of electronic countermeasures, which are defensive solutions that aim at jamming enemy weapons and equipment (Kopp). The article focuses on protecting military equipment from possible EA, such as with laser and microwave.
The use of electronic warfare systems can be greatly enhanced with electronic support, which aims at providing intelligence for more accurate attacks and better protection. Vaughan’s article on electronic support discusses the use of strategies for sensor scheduling. Vaughan explores the application of a programmable receiver for monitoring of wide bandwidth to detect electronic threats that can be identified from a given list. Provided was a scientific discussion of a theory that is expected to increase detection rates to improve receiver effectiveness. The technology presented in Vaughan’s article focuses on the search and identification of electronic threats, and aims at improving the overall effectiveness of electronic warfare systems.
The continually increasing use and integration of electronic warfare systems in military forces throughout the world requires an ever present awareness of new ways through which electronic systems and military personnel can be protected and be more effective at performing their roles in military initiatives. The military has already taken on significant steps to integrate technologies for increased electronic warfare capabilities. It can be expected that more of these electronic and advanced technologies will be integrated comprehensively into the military.

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The American Anthropologist Association’s website, www.aaanet.org, is an advocacy-driven virtual institution with the purpose of building support for and implements programs which enable the understanding of the cultural miscellany that the world has. The American Anthropologist Association’s vision is a world where exercising the right to equality and equity contributes to the reduction of bigotry towards a better quality of life.
The Home of the website rather gives the browser the idea of their advocacy through expressive, artistic, and sympathetic images of colored people than filling up the page with information-laden text. This way, the website can be deemed more promising than preaching. In fact, part of the promise is promoting other related websites like for example, the newly launched http://www.understandingRACE.org and some multimedia documentaries in the form of DVDs like the one entitled Anthropology: Real People, Real Careers. The owners seem to have no intention of impressing panic upon the online visitors as they bombarded no heavy statistics but a reader-friendly site that conveys the cultures of the kaleidoscopic world. But if one were attracted enough by such visual messages so that he would aspire to give a hand or make a momentous support, the website is sufficiently friendly to provide links to other organizations focusing on such cultural issues as racism, womanism, human rights and ethics, and even public policies across the globe.
The use of the pronoun we in their advocacy statements in the About AAA section conveys that they are not your ordinary equality campaign institutions that are laden with lobbying programs. Rather, with the use of emotional appeal through the pictures and a few links and information on the status quo and contact information, the browser’s heart could be surely pinched like no other verbose and sophisticated websites could. By means of the information placed at the left corner and top section, it seems the organization is not all-virtual at all. There are the links to information on news, programs, committees and even membership, and office locations, numbers, and other contact avenues.
Through the website, the American Anthropologist Association proves they were caught by the multiculturalism concept, which says that we construe the world in our own eyes reflecting our linguistic, cultural, and even individual backdrops. The American Anthropologist Association believes generalization may mask distinctiveness across cultures. But what do we have against universalization? Peoples may have clustered in different and separate means but we all recognize our oneness as global citizens.
Imagine if Christian people consider themselves pious and the rest sinful. Imagine if the nod in one culture means an approval while in another otherwise. Imagine if we are all sensitive to limitations that we do not reach harmony simply because the commonality is beyond the scope. Imagine if we identify no single way but multicultural ways that we could have thought Chinese really popped up from China and Americans mushroomed exclusively from the American soil. These are some of the issues the American Anthropologist Association wants to put across and propagate through the World Wide Web. Yes, modern realities intend to give light on enigmatic phenomena but as these anthropologists insist we must also allow for the notion that one common acumen must have been incidentally distributed in various languages. But not languages meant to shape the multifaceted essence of one thing. Otherwise, dwell on the idea of absence of universal human rights and let Adolf Hitler believe he is right with dictatorship.
Overall, the American Anthropologist Association website (www.aaanet.org) is simple with no more than adequate information for the interested parties who are apparently given the freedom to choose for themselves on whether to help or not with the heartbreaking portraits of reality imprinted upon their minds.

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Covenant Marriage is defined by Encarta as marriage with strict conditions: a form of marriage contract whose statute imposes stricter than usual conditions for couples wishing to marry or get divorced, e.g. premarital counseling and a two-year separation prior to divorce. Basically, covenant marriages aim to improve the longevity of the union of couples.
Those who promote covenant marriages hope that they will change the conception of the society about marriage. Covenant Marriage laws were created and it generally states that a couple can choose, at the time of marriage or later, to have slightly more limited grounds for no-fault divorce in their marriage. The couple is required to get marriage education or counseling before their marriage (or the conversion of their marriage to a covenant marriage), and also before divorcing. In a covenant marriage the couple still need a license, money, witnesses and someone licensed to perform marriages. There are some restrictions though and the laws vary per state. But as opposed to a Contract Marriage, this is just a conventional type of marriage wherein what the couple typically needs is some money to purchase marriage license, two witnesses and the person licensed by the state to perform the marriage. If the marriage does not work out, they can get a divorce under their state’s no-fault divorce law, claiming marriage failure due to irreconcilable differences.
Couple must go through a pre-marital counseling before they can be married. If their relationship does not turn out well, they can only get a divorce subject to following reasons: “1.) A spouse commits adultery. 2.) A spouse commits a felony and has been sentenced to death or imprisonment, a spouse has abandoned the other for at least one year before the filing for divorce, and refuses to return. 3.) A spouse has physically or sexually abused the other, a child, a relative of either spouse permanently living with them, or has committed domestic violence emotional abuse. 4.) The spouses have been living separate and apart continuously without reconciliation for at least two years before the filing for divorce. 5.) The spouses have been living separate and apart continuously without reconciliation for at least one year from the date of a legal separation. 6.) A spouse has habitually abused drugs or alcohol. 7.) The husband and wife both agree to a dissolution of marriage.” (Hedding, Judy. Covenant Marriage)
Covenant Marriage is designed to strengthen families. Studies are showing that couples with troubled marriages who receive counseling are more likely to not get divorced. Many believe that just having to make this type of decision before the wedding may help the couples understand the consequences of their marriage commitment to one another. If couples do understand what marriage really is through the counseling, it is more likely that they will be able to prepare themselves emotionally before entering the union. And even if the relationship gets sour, they will again be required to attend counseling before they could file a divorce, which would again help them realize the value of the sanctity of their matrimony.
If parents stay in marriage, there would be no broken families. There are several effects to the couple if they separate. Just imagine the cost in courts in processing the divorce and all the hassles that it would give. And not only that, what’s worst is that the children would suffer. Covenant Marriage would benefit the family by keeping the family together and thus this will not establish destroyed relationship in the family and the children will harmoniously grow and will not feel bitter because they can see that their parents are still together and that the family is strong and whole.

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Being a woman would never be complete without having to experience bearing a child. It is a woman’s destiny to have, to bear, and to nurture a child. Having a child and successfully bringing it up into this world is a major fulfillment. The aches, the pains, the long sleepless nights and joy of child bearing makes it one of the most important and unforgettable events in a woman’s life. Having a child is one of the essences of being a woman.
Just like any phases in a person’s life, child bearing has its stages. Each of these stages is a unique experience. The first stage and actually one of the most unforgettable stage is the surprise of knowing that a woman is about to bear a child. Once the pregnancy tests are back, the reality will sink in. Excitement is already growing and you start to ask a lot of questions particularly to yourself: am I ready for this? How will my family react? Is this for real? How will these change my life? Once the pregnancy test is positive, one thing is definitely sure, it is sign that one’s life is about to change. The nervousness and worries experienced by a woman is usually overcome by the excitement and the joy of knowing that she will be able to fulfill her destiny. But just like any gift, having a child is not without its aches and pains. Feeling nauseous or having “morning sickness” is known as the prime telltale of pregnancy. Since pregnancy hormones slow down the digestive system of a woman, the stomach empties at a slower pace, this causes the feeling of being nauseous or dizzy. A woman will get tired easily or fatigued easily not like before. Another discomfort during pregnancy is heartburn or indigestion or constipation. These discomforts will result in to many sleepless nights and bad mornings. Pregnancy also causes food aversions and cravings. Your whole appetite will change, some food that you usually like before will taste strange and you will start to craze for specific, sometimes unusual food. Studies actually revealed that over 90 percent of pregnant women experience a craving for at least one food and between 50 and 85 percent of expectant mothers has at least one food aversion. In relation to this, pregnancy also brings worries about diet. Being pregnant usually makes women conscious of their weight since they don’t want to gain that much weight but at the same time they want the baby inside to receive all the nutrients it needs, this why proper diet becomes a constant problem or cause of worry for women. A lot of bodily changes occur during pregnancy, the most apparent are breast changes. Women’s breast usually become fuller, heavier and there is darkening of the areola. There is also mild edema or swelling of ankles and feet and sometimes even the hands and the face. Varicose veins also appear in legs, hemorrhoids appear and stretch marks are seen especially in a women’s abdomen. These changes are just biological or physical and which can be prevented or eventually altered after pregnancy. Nothing still compares to the emotional high that is experienced during and after pregnancy. One of the most unforgettable moments during pregnancy is hearing the baby’s first heart beat and having the ultrasound check up and seeing the baby inside for the first time. This will make reality really sink in, a life is growing inside oneself already. After several months, the next ultrasound check up can already predict the baby gender. After knowing this, the excitement doubles, since you will already think about what will be the color of the baby things, what will be his name, what toys will you but and so on. And during the day of delivery, even if the pain is sometimes unbearable, when all’s well and done, hearing the baby’s first cry and being able to hold the baby for the very first time can drive you close to tears—tears of joy.
Even though the price is pain, constant dizziness, craving or fatigue, knowing that life is growing inside you and needs all the care and protection, all of these are worth it. The hardships makes child bearing unforgettable but being able to bring a child to this world makes it truly memorable.

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The opening chapter inspires me to think how people are so hesitant to ask questions about anything. Some may be too proud to let others know how inadequate his knowledge was on things as mundane as “What time is it?” The sense of wonder and curiosity and wonder in every individual must have been lost on the hustle and bustle of modern living. People should never stop asking questions. Asking facilitates learning. The Socratic method was the great philosopher’s legacy to man. Without knowing the art of questioning, maybe very few mysteries in life would have answers today.
Phillips’ task is admirable but not impossible to replicate. Opening a forum for people to toss questions to one another is a wonderful milieu for fostering better communication. Often, assumptions would dominate more than finding out the truth by merely propelling the correct questions. A friendly debate or discourse is preferable to unfounded conjectures. Asking questions is not time bound nor is it reserved for the young and inquisitive. At some point in time, one would be struck with the question “Why am I here?”, “What is the purpose of my life?” For me, life is an unending quest for the truth. The thirst for knowledge would only cease the day I close my eyes in finality and meet with my Creator.
In some aspects, the act of questioning may not yield immediate results. What is important is the fact that the search for the ultimate truth, the solutions to our problems has been initiated. The ball starts rolling and gathers speed as it goes downhill and lets gravity take over. The same analogy could be applied to inquests. In conjunction with the quest for truth was the requisite for honesty. There are limits to questioning depending on the situation. It could elicit joy or pain but the ultimate goal was to attain universal truth. Phillips’ anecdotes especially on the woman living in an elderly home revealed secret yearnings to be with her children. At some point one might ask why did she consent to be placed in a home when that did not seem to be happy with the arrangement?
Phillips’ inquiry and continuous quest for answers have forced many of the people he had chanced upon in the course of his discovery to look inward and re-examine their priorities in life. So would I but I am a bit hesitant to dig deeper unless I would want a can of worms to open at an inopportune time. I would do that one day and ask myself, “Is this what I want to do for the rest of my life?”
Socrates’ Café knows no limits or boundaries. What many would perceive as a dead-end place like the penitentiary would in fact yield a wealth of wisdom. The convicted had learned their lessons and it made them all the wise than most. Phillips’ anecdotes proved that one can gain valuable insights from people if only one would open up and candidly pose the question. Only the wise man knows his limitations and would never cease to search for more truth. That was how Socrates measured the wisdom of men.
The endless whats, whys and hows of children when they propel their questions would often exasperate an impatient adult. When questioning, one must not lose the sense of wonder and mystery. As we grow older and more jaded, our questioning skills apparently become more devalued. Children, on the other hand, in their quest to satiate their curiosity will never tire of asking. How I wish that I had retained those qualities when searching for answers. But no, we are too adult and too proud to ask questions. Our individualism may have diminished the need to seek answers from others. The contemporary society also had alienated even the nearest neighbors and reduced a formerly close relationship to casual acquaintances. The two extremes of human development, the young and old find solace with each other. The young ever dependent on the older person for wisdom while the old seeks answers from the younger generation about contemporary times. The mutualism between the young and old will often facilitate a lively exchange of questions and answers. The young will never tire to ask the questions, as the old will be patient imparting wisdom.
Phillips interspersed his work with snippets of his own quest for truth. Questioning himself on the purpose of the Cafes, his relationship with estranged wife and newfound love in Cecilia Chapa. All these personal facts had its beginnings in questions and philosophizing on life. Phillips’ introduced these anecdotes perhaps for personal healing or merely illustrative models of how questions can lead to better things.
Human beings preoccupation with systems and methodologies had devalued the act of philosophical thinking. Phillips’ goal in his discourses was an attempt to bring back Socratic questioning and philosophical thinking back to the academe. Too much concentration on methods and technical aspects of teaching had placed the art of questioning on the backburner. While it is true that the teacher-student relationship has improved throughout the years, invisible barriers hinder the quality of academic discourses. These imagined barriers have made students more wary of their mentors. The Café in fact could be designed to bring back the companionable and educational impartment of wisdom between the learned and unlearned.
The Socrates’ Café attempts to bridge the gap between people and facilitated the rediscovery of the benefits of being to propel questions. The curiosity we had as children should never be forgotten. As we course through our lives, the sense of wonder should never cease. Instead, we should cultivate the art of questioning and philosophical thinking in all aspects of our lives.

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1. When you perceive differences in cultural values between your style and your client’s, how can you respond to these differences?
On situations that I perceive cultural differences with a client, I would always make sure that I will be the one who will adjust first so that I would understand where the client is coming from. Cultural differences, however, affect planning, problem detection, situation awareness, uncertainty management, and decision making. As long as there is nothing immoral and illegal with his cultural value, I will respond positively in our differences and try to compromise with the client. These differences are in power distance, dialectical reasoning, counterfactual thinking, risk assessment and uncertainty management, and activity orientation. On a broader perspective, National cultural differences present barriers to successful coalition command and control. The challenge is compounded by distributed decision making that characterizes many operations. If we are to work effectively in coalition operations, we have to understand the complexities presented by national cultural differences. Cultural Lens is a concept that captures cultural differences in reasoning, judgment, and authority structure. A Cultural Lens is a metaphor to allow those involved in operations to see their world as if through the eyes of other participants (Lessem, 2004). It is a procedure of understanding diversity first before taking any action. Mission success is dependent on communication.
2. Can you be successful when attempting to adopt the values of another group for your counseling approach? Any example you would like to share with your classmates?
The answer here actually depends on the case of the person that needs counseling. Not all values shared by the group or another group for that matter can always be applicable to all situations. As an example, a group specializing in Freud’s style is not a good solution on a situation that needs cognitive development. It my goal to be flexible in any situation. Being part of a group is still important for me since it will keep me updated with various things however, not all groups are right most of the time. Groupings sometimes are largely influenced by the most persuasive member and we do not like that kind of situation prevailing. Still, I am very much willing to compromise if teamwork is needed. Group counseling can be effective as long as there is a very precise way of scheduling the tasks in counseling.
3. If you wanted to go into the mental health field and envisioned doing in-office therapy, how would you feel about the suggestion about home visits, outreach programs, or being an advocate for the client?
Actually, home visits will not be a problem for me since I understand that there are cases where we need to get in touch with the family of the patient constantly to improve the case. Home visits ca help us understand the situations surrounding the patient at home and it will give us a clearer view of tactics that we can utilize. About outreach programs, there is really nothing bad about it because it about helping other people and sometimes for us to truly help other people, we have to sacrifice some forms of convenience. About being an advocate of the client, it will entirely depend on the moral values involved on the motives of the client. That is because it advocating someone else’s goals would also mean using your name in the front row; thus, it is also partially risky. Therefore, I would only advocate a client if I am sure of the harmless ulterior motives of the client.

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I have particular interest in the topic of discrimination against sexual orientation. I remembered having read this article several months ago. The article was written by Marc Gunther and is entitled “Corporate America Backs Gay Rights.’ It was released on April 26, 2006. This article could be found in the search engine Google by simply accessing the key word sex discrimination.
The article discusses about the trend against discrimination in sexual orientation in the workplace and how employers have started to accept gays and lesbians in their companies. It says that some of the biggest companies like ExxonMobil, Ford and American Express, have started giving equal treatment to gays and lesbians. This only means more employment and better benefits to gays and lesbians in our country. The article declares that “More than 80 percent of companies in the Fortune 500 now ban discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Some 249 of the Fortune 500 offer health and other benefits to the same-sex partners of their employees.”
One reason for the change in paradigm on accepting gays and lesbians in the workplace is to widen the base of applicants so that the company has in its roster the best and the brightest employees. Another reason is the reality that companies do not want to antagonize the gays and lesbians. It is actually a good business decision to be known as a gay-friendly or lesbian-friendly company because of their huge number.
On the issue however of making the policy against discrimination more explicit by preparing a resolution, some companies declined and argued that their zero-tolerance policy prohibiting discrimination in their own companies suffices.
I believe that some people if given the chance are capable of excelling in their own fields. They, however, cannot prove themselves and share their skills to others if we will continue to think that some groups of people are superior to others. They can make significant contribution in a company if only we will give them a chance. Sexual orientation should not be a basis for accepting or rejecting employment. The recent development in corporate world is a big leap towards the advancement of the rights of gays and lesbians in our country. It is actually a success not only for the gays and lesbians but a victory of the civil rights in our country. Gone are the days where the discrimination in our country is expressly tolerated by the society. We have finally made significant strides in understanding our brethren.

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It cannot be denied that the judicial system have different forms of problems and issues that are needed to be addressed in order to ensure that the judicial system will be able to function in accordance to the ought they have sworn upon. The roles and the functions being played upon by the judicial system are difficult ones because they are the ones determining the degree and the extent of the punishment that can be bestowed against the offenders and transgressors of the law. Meaning to say, the judicial system is being tasked to look upon on the different things that they can consider with regards to apprehending the offenders of the law. But then again, it must be remembered that while the justice system is being tasked to be fair in all its dealings and transactions concerning criminality and the offenders, there are still many problems arising such as the absence of the necessary fairness and equality. Justice is important in the society and all its aspect because it already envisioned a society without poverty, where individual enjoys the minimum economic precondition for the enjoyment of human rights. In the face of judicial system, equality is important because it means not only the equality before the law or legal equality, but also equality of opportunity to seek the perfection of one’s self and achieve self-fulfillment.
With this, it cannot be denied that there is indeed a need for the justice system to remain independent and just in the determination of cases and criminal offenders. However, it can be seen that even if the ideal situation is like that, there is still an apparent disparity and discrimination towards the criminals and the offenders of the law. In this regard, this paper is for the purpose of comparing and contrasting disparity and discrimination that are being exhibited in the judicial system.

Body
Disparity is being defined as the dissimilarity of the people and the state of being different and apparent inequality. Meaning to say, taking into consideration the definition given, it can be seen that disparity is also being clouded by inequality because of the dissimilarities that are present to the people. Such dissimilarities can be brought about by the fact that there are differences in terms of races, ethnic tribes and even educational background, religious and political affiliations. The differences that are in existence between tribes, ethnicity and races create a great disparity between the major race and the minor ones. In this regard, it cannot be denied that one way or another disparity and discrimination is similar in certain things such as in the manner of acknowledging the different dissimilarities of the people coming from various races and ethnic groups. With this, it has to be remembered that discrimination is the manner of showing all the dissimilarities of the people. It is the manner of enabling the nation to see and look at the people with discriminatory eyes by always pointing that one race is superior compared to other. Disparity and discrimination is the manner of making other people look low and inferior. For example, in the justice system, it cannot be denied that the races that are inferior such as the Afro-American and other Black American in the United States alone are not being treated well because of their origin and race (De Leon, 2002).
The apparent treatment is brought about by the fact that they are inferior as compared to the White Americans. In this regard, there are instances wherein the judicial system and even the police officers are often taking the Black Americans are criminals. Meaning to say, whenever there are problems and crimes committed in the community the Blacks are often the first one being summoned for the common thinking that they are the ones who have committed the crimes and that they are the ones committing violence in the community (Santos, 2000)
But then again, it cannot be denied that there is also great difference between disparity and discrimination. It cannot be denied that there are instances wherein even if disparity is being laid forth, it can be seen that the inferior races are not necessarily discriminated because of the legal protection that are being given to them. On the other hand discrimination is apparent when such disparities are being used to make other races suffer accordingly. Meaning to say, while disparities do not really make other people suffer, discrimination is much worse as compared to disparities because it is when there are already manifestations and exhibitions of overt acts that disparities are being used to circumvent the laws and the roles and functions of the judicial system. It must be remembered that disparities are only the main result and consequence of the practice of discrimination (Hoppe, 2001)this, records have shown that in judicial system there are more Black Americans and inferior races that are being punished extremely as compared to other races that are not considered inferior such as the White. It cannot be denied that disparity would not be able to place people behind bars and to punish them in a way that is beyond the limit and the things that of which is provided by the law.
Conclusion
With all the foregoing, it cannot be denied that disparities and discrimination is somewhat similar on certain things. For example, the Afro-Americans are different from other races and this is one of the great factors why they are always being held as the suspects for any wrong things and actions committed that resulted to the transgressions of the law. On the other hand, disparity is only but the triggering and resulting factor that leads to the undertaking of discriminatory acts that are causing individuals from inferior races to suffer and be punished without due process. Hence, disparity only speaks of the differences and discrimination is the manifestation of the disparity in the society.

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