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A driving under the influence of alcohol charge is a grave illegal charge. A lot of us depend on the capacity to drive to accomplish numerous daily things, such as going to labor, buying foodstuff, and conveying relatives and members of the family to behavior similar to instructions, health check appointments, and school. An individual who is charged with intoxicated driving rests is an outstanding possibility of trailing his or her driving rights moreover for the time being or permanently and as well runs the danger of distress more harsh penalties, such as a monetary penalty or a penitentiary sentence. Today’s laws are made to modify behavior, not to punish specific actions. The idea is to criminalize people before something bad happens endeavoring to eliminate any behavior up to two standard deviations away, and so make for a perfectly safe world. I deem that we have been managed by a matrix of bell curves with all but the upper tail not shaded as potentially criminal.Such constructs, in total, is known as tyranny.

In terms of driving with toxins in the system, I’ve said for years that it needs to be an action based system, not particular situations. I assume that in many situations people who are on prescription meds are given a freer pass than those who self medicate, or are tired, or who smoke, or those who drive with their knee while tying a tie. But what’s the difference? Driving while not having the capacity to, and ultimately driving recklessly is what endangers other people. Demonizing one set of circumstances and ignoring the rest is a more harmful mindset, in my opinion.

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Stress causes us to feel dizziness, anxiety, tension, having a hard time to sleep, make us feel nervous, and together with the feeling of muscles cramps, this simple ailment can lead us to a more serious ailment. Aside from the fact that there are medicines that we can take up, there are also so many ways that we can take up for us to enable to cope up with this stress those we have. Some of them are old method and it has been retrieved and revised to a more modern way helping us manage the stress and its effect to us.When the mind is constantly shelled by stimuli, it becomes overloaded and exhausted. We may be unaware that we are doing it, but by thinking and worrying we are using up tremendous amounts of energy. The tension put on the mind by worries, whether real or imagined, can use more energy than physical work.When worries get out of hand, energy resources are strained. Mental fatigue sets in, often resulting in wear and tear on the physical body as well. It is important to set aside some time each day for the mind to unwind and recoup its energies.Mentally learning to draw strength through the act of self control you are able to really look at the full picture. You always have the choice on how you perceive it all to be. Look to act from strength and deal with whatever it is to be dealt with. Get some perspective on the whole thing.Whenever you experience mental tension, try breathing slowly and rhythmically for a few minutes while you concentrate on the breath. Yogic breathing exercises will may take conscious effort, but develop your ability to calm the mind using your own thought power. This leads to an experience of inner peace, with physical relaxation following the mental relaxation.

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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are accountable for a variety of health problems. In most of the industrialized world, they are recognized as a great danger to public health problems. STDs can have serious effects for adolescents and young adults. A comparison of levels and trends internationally in STDs would be useful to identify the countries that are successful in controlling the STDs’ frequency of occurrence as an initial step toward improving programs and policies in countries with growing or high incidence of STD. According to studies the occurrence of STDs has decreased generally both among adolescents and in the general population over the last decade. The syphilis rate was quite low in the mid-1990s. In most developed countries, the rate was less than seven cases reported per 100,000 teenagers. The reported STD incidence is higher generally among female teenagers compared to their counterpart within the same age bracket. (Panchaud, Singh, Feivelson & Darroch, 2000). This paper discusses sexually transmitted diseases focusing on syphilis, its signs and symptoms, the risk factors involved, diagnosis, treatment, recurrence and its prevention. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by the Treponema pallidum bacterium. Often it has been called ‘the great imitator’. This is because most of its signs and symptoms are exactly alike from those of other diseases. (Wikipedia)

Syphilis is transferred from one person to another through direct contact with a syphilis infected sore. Transmission of the organism occurs during oral, vaginal or anal sex. Sores mainly occur on external genitals, anus, vagina or the rectum. It can also occur in the mouth and on the lips. The disease can also be pass on by pregnant women to the babies they are carrying. The disease cannot be spread through physical contact with bathtubs, toilet seats, hot tubs, shared clothing, eating utensils or swimming pools.

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Leadership is the capability to influence people or groups toward the accomplishment of goals (Schein, 1997). As a process, leadership forms the goals of an organization or group, inspires behavior toward the attainment of those goals, and helps characterize organizational or group culture. It is fundamentally a process of influence. Relative to this meaning of leadership, I think that the article that is more useful to a public manager is the one written by Celia Rocks (2001) entitled “Learn to be a leader: A resolution for the new millennium.” This article summarizes the things and ideas that a person should know in order to become an effective leader. It states the 10 ways to build a person’s leadership skills, which I think is essential in helping a person to become a successful leader. This article is written in a manner that is easy to read and instructional. Even if the article is brief compared to the other article, I think that it is more effective because of its simple and informational style. Even if the examples in the article are based on the business arena, I definitely agree with the author that the core values mentioned will simply translate to any leadership situation.

According to Rocks (2001), a leader’s role is to inspire the people he/she leads, and she said that one of the best ways to do this is to help him/her deal with the realities of their situation-never lying to their subordinates-and to make light of these realities, no matter how harsh they may be. By being an inspirational leader, research has revealed that leaders who exhibit the behaviors and characteristics of transformational leadership are able to realign their followers’ norms and values, encourage both personal and organizational changes, and assist followers to go beyond their first performance expectations (Junga, Chow and Wu, 2003). It is a fact that motivated people have the tendency to choose novel approaches to problem-solving. Moreover, followers’ identification with the organization’s vision, mission, and culture likewise has been associated with heightened levels of motivation toward higher levels of performance.

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Stress is an internal response caused by the application of what psychologist refers to as stressor or any adjustive demand that requires coping behavior on the part of an individual or group (Carson et al, 1998, p. 120). Although the body tries to maintain a steady internal environment, a person is still susceptible to the environment that causes physical and/or emotional tension to the body and mind. Adjustment is the ongoing process of attempting to get past one’s inner and outer obstacles to satisfy his/her needs. In some cases, individual responses to the common tension of the environment such as marriage, childbirth, unemployment, bereavement, etc becomes maladaptive. He/she then suffers from a adjustment disorder where the person is unable to cope up to the environmental stressors. A normal person, on the other hand, undergoes an adjustment process with the following sequences: Motivation, frustration or conflict, emotional tension, response, tension reduction (Bustos et al, 1985, p.176). Satisfaction of our needs, however, does not come automatically when we are prevented from satisfying it. Thus we are frustrated. Frustration can be difficult for a person to cope with because they often lead to one’s self-devaluation, making the person feel like he is incompetent. Frustration can be generally be classified into two: Environmental and Personal. Environmental frustrations are caused by conditions outside the person such as death of a loved one or famine. Personal frustrations are caused when the person’s own ability fails to reach an individual’s aspirations such as low intelligence, physical handicap, feelings of insecurity, and so on. Stress can also come from pressure wherein a person is forced to speed up or intensify effort to achieve a specific goal. In some instances, pressures seriously take its toll on our coping resources and if they become excessive may lead to maladaptive behavior (Carson, 1998, p.121). Like frustrations, pressures can be external or internal. Students feel external pressure from the expectations of other; internal, from their own goals.

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Personality can be assessed in different ways and they are used depending on many factors such as the relative importance attached to fakeability of measures, the diversity and scope of the assessors practical skills, the degree of high validity, etc (Barton, 1985). However, there are strengths and weaknesses for each. The strength of interviews is that you get to obtain factual information from the subject itself. The weakness is that it might be influenced by the interviewer’s biases. To avoid this from happening, the interview can be structured or directed where the interviewer asks only specific questions and a line of thought processes. And while the subject undergoes the interview, his answers are recorded. Observation’s strength is that the researcher can study the subject, first hand, in its native environment. For observation to work, the subjects should not be aware that they are being observed. Thus, observation for the purposes of procuring a study is also known as “scientific snooping”. One example of observation is observing children’s behavior in a classroom. To avoid being noticed that they are observed, the researchers bring cartoon movies to watch. The weakness of this personality assessment is still the biasness on the part of the researcher. Projective test is the most scientific of all where subjects are carefully chosen and studied in isolation. The usual process of this method is to compare two groups of subjects and the ruling out of variables that could influence the outcome of the study. To isolate the influential variables to the subjects, one group would be influenced by the particular variable, while the other does not. The researchers then take note of the outcome on both groups. The downside of projective test is that it cannot be used in all kinds of research.

Objective test gathers factual information (like in an interview) on the subject under study. However, the greatest weakness of objective tests is that it is too fixed and leaves no room for flexibility. Thus, with rigid testing comes limited study and limited insight gained.

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Max Weber believes that religion functions a source of social change. Ideas have an effect on interests and influences activities, especially economic ones. Religious beliefs produce an effect on practices, and both produce an effect on institutions. The Protestant religion provides a work ethic in which one should go after profit in a systematic way. In this ethic, time spent that does not produce profit is wasted time. This ethic, based on Luther’s idea of vocation, is found only in modern western capitalism. In Calvin, the concept of assurance is found. A sign of this assurance can be found in worldly success, which is a sign of being included in the elect. Worldly success also involved discipline in one’s life, and since. Calvinism did not allow wasteful living, money that was earned was reinvested. This produced more capital. For Weber, combination of this discipline that comes from Calvinist doctrine and the Lutheran concept of dedication to one’s vocation had an important effect for continuous growth, and this led to the development of modern capitalism. Weber also notes that this positive economic effects produced by these religious ideas were not the goals, but rather by-products. It was the logic of these doctrines that resulted in economic gain. In the study of world religions (especially Confucianism and Hinduism) believes that these world religions may have affected the lack development of capitalism in their countries. For example, Buddhism teaches indifference to the world, that material objects do not matter. Other world religions emphasize mediation rather than economic activity.

Weber illustrates that the different religions had a contribution to the development of history: Protestantism led to the development of capitalism in the western world and the other world religions contributed to the absence of capitalism in the oriental world.

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Karl Marx understands religion from the point of view of economic alienation. Human beings are driven not by ideas but by material concerns. The proletariat, the poor working class, experiences oppression at the hands of the ruling class when the value of their labor is reduced to being just a commodity. The experience of this suffering is religious distress, the alienation of man. As man suffers, the reaction would be to protest against it. This protest against this suffering is also regarded as religious distress. Thus it is man that makes religion; religion does not make man. Man is in the world of man, which is the state, the society. This society produces religion whose main purpose is to provide a reason or excuse to keep society as it is, in the way that the ruling classes want. The effect of religion to the masses is that it provides a ground for consolation for the suffering of the people; the comfort that the people get hides the true nature of oppression. So religion is an illusion, just a creation of man. Religion is the opium of the masses, as it masks the true nature of the world, the true sufferings of the people. Marx believes that religion should be abolished so that the happiness provided by the illusion will be replaced by true happiness.

Marx believed that the social principles of Christianity gave justification to slavery, that having a ruling class and an oppressed class. According to him, in Christianity, all the oppressed class can do is the hope that the ruling class will be charitable, and the objectionable actions of the ruling class is considered as punishment of original sin, or trials that are given by the Lord. When seen this way, the true nature of these acts are masked. For these reasons, religion in general, and in this case, Christianity in particular, should be abolished.

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Tobacco is one of the most popularly used substances that are considered legal to some extent. It can be observed that people who smoke often find it very difficult to quit doing so. This is because of the addictive property of nicotine, a substance that can be found in tobacco smoke. Nicotine alters brain chemical processes such that addiction occurs. Cigarette smoking has been linked to behavioral problems, and the smoker could suffer increased stress and bronchospasm, which is the irritation and tightening of the airways, resulting in wheezing or difficulty in breathing (Gallogly). Cigarette smoke also increases phlegm in the lungs as a result of the lungs trying to trap the chemical and toxic elements, and this leads to persistent coughing, which is the body’s way of clearing the air passages (Gallogly).Cigarette smoking is also known to reduce physical performance; physical activity requires oxygen, and higher physical activity (such as running or swimming) requires more oxygen that muscles could use. However, the increased phlegm and the bronchospasm from cigarette smoking prevent the absorption of more oxygen through obstruction of the airways and lower lung efficiency (Gallogly).

Cancer is one of the worst effects of tobacco smoking. Tobacco is linked to at least 80 percent of lung cancer deaths among men and women. Smoking can also cause “cancers of the bladder, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx (voice box), esophagus, cervix, kidney, lung, pancreas, and stomach, and causes acute myeloid leukemia” (CDC). Tobacco smoking can also cause coronary heart disease, stroke and chronic obstructive lung disease, and has been linked to negative effects on reproduction and early childhood development, as well as sudden infant death syndrome (CDC). These are just some of the many effects of tobacco smoking on the human body.

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Alcohol is commonly associated with rowdy behavior, and intoxication has been highly linked to vehicular accidents. In a study conducted on the effects of alcohol on cognitive processing, it was evident that alcohol intake resulted in decreased cognitive speed and flexibility (Curtin, et al.). Curtin, et al. also showed that, in situations where the test subjects’ attention was divided among fear cues (a fear cue was something that normally would induce fear in a sober person), they exhibited significant decreases in fear. Such deficiencies in cognitive processing could lead to inappropriate action that could cause harm or even death to the intoxicated person and the people around him. As a diuretic, alcohol causes the kidneys to work harder, thereby increasing the frequency of urination. Urination that is too frequent can cause dehydration, which has adverse effects on the body, including electrolyte imbalances. In some cases, it could take as much as a week for a person to recover from dehydration. Alcohol is also known to significantly decrease testosterone levels, resulting in reduced “aggression, lean muscle mass, muscle recovery and overall athletic performance” (Bewley). In addition, alcohol causes alteration in body composition by making it store more fat. Excessive alcohol intake can also cause damage to the liver, such as fatty liver, cirrhosis and fibrosis. It has also been linked to gout (Bewley), which can damage joints and bones. The presence of alcohol also induces the stomach to produce acid more acid than necessary, resulting in heartburns and higher possibility of ulcer formation. Moreover, too much alcohol can result in poor functioning of the intestines, leading to poor absorption of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals (Bewley). Chronic poor functioning of the intestines can lead to other diseases.

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