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Oppositional Defiant Disorder (O.D.D.) is a psychological/ psychiatric condition that is observable from children. However, it is still plagued with controversy, especially regarding the criteria with which it is determined. The following is a discussion of ODD, including background data as well as a brief/ general comparison with similar disorders.ODD “consists of an enduring pattern of uncooperative, defiant, and hosti1e behavior toward authority figures that does not invo1ve major antisocia1 vio1ations, is not accounted for by the chi1d’s deve1opmenta1 stage, and resu1ts in significant functiona1 impairment” (Vitie1lo & Jensen, 1995, p. 2317). It shou1d be considered a disorder on1y when the behaviors are more frequent and intense than in unaffected peers and when they cause dysfunction in socia1, academic, or work-re1ated situations. Chi1dren with ODD have prob1ems contro1ling their temper, often appear to be angry and easi1y annoyed, and may be described by other chi1dren as being bu1lies or mean. Furthermore, their defiance is often expressed through temper tantrums, arguing, and stubbornness (Cantwe1l, 1989, p.13). Oppositiona1 behavior is often setting-specific, occurring more often with parents and other fami1iar adu1ts, such as teachers or sitters, with whom the chi1d has frequent contact (Cantwe1l, 1989b). Tab1e 1 1ists the diagnostic criteria for ODD from the Diagnostic and Statistica1 Manua1 of Menta1 Disorders (4th ed., DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994).

Prob1em behaviors of ODD are greater than the norma1 oppositiona1 behavior often disp1ayed throughout the deve1opmenta1 period, inc1uding the opposition of chi1dren from 18 to 36 months of age and some types of ado1escent rebe1lion. In a detai1ed comparison of chi1dren with ODD and conduct disorder, Schachar and Wachsmuth (1990) found that most of the chi1dren in the study who were diagnosed with conduct disorder a1so met diagnostic criteria for ODD. Thus, they conc1uded that ODD, rather than being a variant of norma1ity or being a distinct disorder, is more accurate1y viewed as a variant of conduct disorder, perhaps at the mi1der end of the spectrum

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In the scope of sexual reproduction reproductive rights or procreative liberty supporters perceive as human rights for they encourage and support a person’s entitlement to be in charge of one’s reproductive functions like the privilege to reproduce naturally or artificially, not to reproduce by using birth control methods and the options in the process of abortion, the rights to confidentiality, the right to adequate medical coverage, family planning, among others.

This concept is viewed as being almost tantamount with the “pro-choice” standpoint which indicates that the choice to abort a fetus or not should be a legal option for all adult conceiving women. However, the reproductive rights movement associate also consider not only the rights of the pregnant woman to opt for abortion or not but also the idea of human rights for both men and women to have the right to use contraception and to be provided education on the different advantages and disadvantages of the different methods and things which needed to be learned about sexually transmitted diseases or that is now referred to as sexually transmitted infection. They also advocate the right to be freed from forced sterilization and contraception. As a supporter of the “pro-choice” advocacy principles of the right to confidentiality or in other words to be free from federal intrusion for as a “pro-choice” advocate it is a position of moral concern on human rights. This is not to promote abortion but a cause to have the right to decide what to do with a woman’s own body and other areas of her life.

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Sometimes, however, a couple does not expect that retirement may change their marriage. A lot of information is available to help people plan financially for retirement, yet very little attention is given to coping with the relational and personal changes that result from retirement. Despite a common belief that retirement is “easy”, studies indicate that it could at times also be difficult and maddening. An example is retirement’s effect on our sense of self-worth and relating with other people, most specially our spouse.Marital Relations. A study conducted by the Bar Ilan University’s School of Social Work in Israel made a comparative analysis of the impact of men’s and women’s retirement on relations between the spouses. Five hundred nineteen pre-retired and retired Israelis were asked about how their retirement has affected marital issues such as power, resources, household chores and over-all quality of their marriage. The results showed that men and women’s retirements generally have the same impact on marital issues and that there were no significant modifications in spousal resources after retirement. However, there were changes in decision-making about how time would be used and the performance of general and so-called feminine chores.

There also appeared to be fewer marital complaints among the retired couples as compared to the pre-retired respondents, but they also expressed less marital satisfaction. Compared to women’s retirement, men’s retirement also seemed to have a different impact on decisions about family matters and carrying out feminine tasks. Gender-based differences were also apparent in other aspects, regardless of the respondents’ employment status. Women indicated better marriage quality and more resources for strengthening the family. Men, on the other hand, signified that they were more active in making important decisions. They also perceived themselves as stronger and with the same command over the family’s finances.

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Retirement refers to the period when workers exit from employment and reap the benefits of years of hard work with a pension from one’s employer and/or receiving social security. It is a word whose significance is determined by a person’s age and work status. To those who have just entered the work force, it is but an idea that exists in the distant future and not to be bothered with yet. To those who have put in a decade or more of work, it becomes a pleasant dream, something to look forward to in the latter part of life. But those near the retirement age react in two ways – they either welcome it with open arms as the time slow down and smell the roses, or go into it dragging and kicking their feet, certain that they still have more than a few good years left to give. Life Changes with Retirement. Retirement brings a lot of changes in a person’s life, the most obvious of which is financial. However, it also affects a person socially, physically, mentally and emotionally. AARP-connected economist Clare Hushbeck says, “Many people think retirement is going to be easy, and it shocks them to find bumps.” This is because pre-retirees did not take the time to adequate plan their retirement. According to the study Purpose, Potential & Productivity in Later Life conducted by Dr. Gene Cohen, a big number of pre-retirement workers have not received any formal preparation for retirement. In fact, only a very small minority -less than 10% - have prepared themselves for changes beyond the financial aspect. There were no preparations on how they would engage their time and participate in community activities and interpersonal involvement. This lack of preparation is prevalent even in pre-retirees with better or more education. In retrospect, all of the study participants have expressed that preparation would have been very valuable to them.

Dr. Cohen’s study involved more than 100 men and women, who were late middle, aged to beyond 90 years of age, belonged to diverse backgrounds and were within a year of retirement, partially or fully retired. They collectively underwent hundreds of hours of interviews over a number of years.

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The remarkable growth of the Korean economy over the last three decades has received much attention from western academics and business people. During this period Korea achieved a real annual growth rate of about 8 per cent in gross national product (Asian Wall Street Journal, 1995). In 1996, Korea was formally invited to join the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), confirming and at the same time enhancing Korea’s status as a major global player (Business Korea, 1996). However, research on its management system has been sparse and, as a result, understanding is very limited regarding how Korean companies are managed. This study aims to fill the gap by examining the human resource management (HRM) practices of Samsung, which is one of the largest conglomerates in Korea. In the following, the traditional HRM practices of Korean conglomerates are presented followed by a discussion of Samsung’s experiences. One of the most important contributors to Korea’s economic growth has been the presence of “chaebols” (Kearney, 1991). Chaebol is the Korean term for a large conglomerate. In some ways it resembles the keiretsu in Japan. Both are large linkages of many firms and play a major role in each country’s economy. Also, both have maintained close relationships with their governments and have benefited from heavy government involvement in their countries’ economic development (Song, 1990). A notable difference, however, is that ownership and management of linked firms in keiretsus are separated while in the chaebol the owning families still actively participate in management and the linked firms are still pretty much owned by the parent firm (Morikawa, 1992; Yoo and Lee, 1987).

Another major difference is that chaebols have powerful management centres and chairmen’s offices, which oversee the management of the affiliated companies, while the management and ownership of keiretsus are not as centralized (Chen, 1995).

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Successful management of today’s increasingly diverse workforce is among the most important management challenges faced by corporate leaders, human resource managers, and management consultant. Workforce diversity is not a transient phenomenon; it is today’s reality, and it is here to stay. Homogenous societies have become heterogeneous, and this trend is irreversible. The problems of managing today’s diverse workforce, however, do not stem from the heterogeneity of the workforce itself but from the unfortunate inability of corporate managers to fully comprehend its dynamics, divest themselves of their personal prejudicial attitudes, and creatively unleash the potential embedded in a multicultural workforce. To understand better the idea of managing diversity, I conducted an interview on several individuals who had an experience on working in a diversified work environment. “Organizations that to do not have diversity efforts may even feel behind the times. But diversity is more than just a buzz word. It is not something that will ever go away. It is not something that will ever go away.” It is grounded in a powerful combination of the human rights movement and our increasingly diverse and global marketplaces both of which have consistently gained momentum for the last twenty years and show no signs of fading. Dimensions of diversity that are helpful organizers for managing differences in group process, dimensions of diversity such as gender, age, physical ability, sexual orientation and ethnicity are more likely to be innate and to have ongoing impact in our lives. Some look on educational background, income, marital status, military experience, parental experience, religious beliefs, work experience, and geographical location as those that arise from specific experience and that can be more easily changed, and they are inherent in every group are present to a greater or lesser degree in all interactions.

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Arguments and debates that revolve around abortion usually focus on the politics and the legalities that are involved in the choice and the procedure of abortion. Questions like should abortion be treated like the murder of a human being thus should be made illegal, or should abortion be a legal choice which is available to all women are often answered by the different sides that of the abortion debate. Ethical issues also arise from abortion debates such as should laws be used in legislating morality or should good laws be based on moral values. Different beliefs and view points of the different sides of the abortion debate vary depending on what each side perceived to be as morally right and wrong. Morality and ethics are two concepts that are usually interchanged however; I believe that these two concepts are still distinct from each other. Morality is the perception of what is good and what is bad based on a society’s doctrine or bible and might differ as one goes from one society to another society. Ethics for me on the other hand is the mandated rules, principles of behavior that must be followed for the whole humanity to successfully interact. For example, a single male doctor who sleeps with a single female patient is judged as being unethical in terms of the doctor-client relationship but may or may not be judged as moral or immoral depending on the group that is going to do the judging. For a more liberated-minded group, his sleeping with his patient is still unethical but it is not immoral since both doctor and patient are single and are two consenting adults. However, for a religiously-conservative group, the doctor is unethical and his act is also judged immoral since they had sexual intercourse prior to becoming married.

In short, the perceptions of each side might be morally right or justified to them however might be unethical in terms of the greater society. Several questions must first be discussed and answered in order to determine the morality and the ethics that is involved in the abortion decision.

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Abortion is an issue that has probably become one of the most controversial issues that are debated in the United States and in other countries today. Different schools of thoughts have different ideas and opinions regarding abortion, some ideas are pro-abortion and some argue for the abolishment of it. Abortion is one of the most complex problems that are dividing America with either side being so much passionate about their stand and triggers hatred of the other side. The problem of abortion is so controversial that not many people would maintain a neutral stand about it. The abortion problem is also very complicated and brings a lot of arguments that nobody knows what the right answer should be since the issue of abortion both have its pros and cons. In order to fully understand the complexity of the abortion issue, this paper aims to first define what abortion is and then to enumerate the arguments of both the pros and cons sides of the issue. This paper will also aim to enumerate all the ethical and legal issues that are being associated with the abortion problem.

Abortion in the encyclopedic definition is the removal or the expulsion of an embryo or the fetus from the female’s uterus resulting to the termination of pregnancy (Abortion. September 30, 2007). Abortion may occur spontaneously through a miscarriage or may be artificially induced through chemical or by surgical means. An induced abortion refers to any induced procedure that is performed at any point during the pregnancy period which will lead to the termination of the pregnancy before the point of viability (Abortion. September 30, 2007). The most common abortion method today is artificial and medically induced.

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Today, the mass media are one of the primary sources of information that people rely on. The prevailing forms of media in the 21st century include magazines, newspapers, radio, television, and Internet. As much as people try to avoid it, individuals are experiencing media saturation everywhere. People watch television in restaurants they dine in, newspaper and magazine are readily available in parlors and waiting areas of clinics and hotels, billboards are displayed almost everywhere, people hear the radio news even inside a cab, etc. On the other hand, there is no source of information that is as powerful as the television. According to the Pew Research Center for People and the Press (“News Audiences Increasingly Politicized,” 2004), majority of Americans still rely on broadcast and cable television as their primary source of information. Perhaps, the combination of convincing images, sounds, and impressive narrative seen on television make it more informative. Television has always been a part of every American family since its invention. While the internet is rapidly being utilized as a form of mass medium, television is still the most accessible. Television is very easy to use and it requires minimum skills to operate. Television broadcasting has been one of the contributing factors in the shaping of American society. Television is the usual appliance that individuals use to be entertained, to check on the news, to educate oneself, to know the whether, and to watch sports. Although radio is a more practical and portable appliance to use when listening to the music and news, people still resort to watching TV since it is more visual.Aside from this, the television enables individuals share cultural experiences by watching different shows that is related to different countries’ cultures and beliefs. Quality shows that depicts important values and life lessons helps individuals cope in the different stages of their lives

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Healthy environments are necessary to the welfare of children as well as their families. Without the ground rules of excellent nutrition and admittance to health care we cannot anticipate to put off child abuse. Child Abuse is an intentional act that causes emotional or physical damage to children. The term covers a wide variety of behaviour, from real physical attack by parents or other grown caretakers to abandon of a child’s fundamental needs. Child abuse is called child maltreatment.Several people have complexity comprehending why any human being would harm a child. The community frequently assumes that those who abuse their kids undergo mental disorders, but less than 10% of abusers have psychological illnesses. Mainly, abusers care for their children but are subject to have less mature personalities than others. These make it complicated to manage the demands of their kids and boost the possibility of emotional or physical abuse. On the other hand, there is no particular justification for child abuse. Child abuse is caused by an intricate combination of personal, cultural and social factors. These may possibly be grouped in 4 main categories: inter-generational communication of violence, communal stress, separation and low societal attachment, as well as family structure.Though the degree of child abuse is complex to gauge, it is documented as a foremost societal problem, particularly in industrialized countries. It happens in all racial, religious, as well as cultural groups and in rural and urban communities. It is, yet, more ordinary in several groups, particularly those under poverty line. Cultures all over the world have dissimilar principles in deciding what comprises child abuse; in some nations, the law forbids physical punishment of children (Adams, 1991). On several nations, parents are accepted to discipline their children through hitting.

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